What happens to your body when you go vegan?

There's never been a better time to go vegan. With a host of new products on the shelves (ranging from the much lauded Impossible Burger to the Gregg's vegan sausage roll), 2019 might go down as the year that plant-based diets went mainstream. A record 250,000 people signed up to 2019's Veganuary, more than in the previous four years combined.

But while plant-based diets are undoubtedly good for the environment - not to mention assuaging concerns about animal welfare - it would be fair to ask whether they're any good for your health. Can vegans actually get a balanced diet? Or does the old stereotype hold - vegans are undernourished and not eating in the way our bodies are 'designed' to eat?

What to expect when you go vegan

According to the British Dietetic Association, the stereotype is just that, a stereotype. The organisation maintains that a well-planned vegan diet can "support healthy living in people of all ages", including children and pregnant women. It works with the Vegan Society to promote evidence-based advice in this area.

Of course, the key word here is 'well-planned'. You probably won't feel great, for example, if you cut out animal products and replace them all with chips.

To speak from personal experience here, I was one of the thousands of Brits who went vegan at the start of 2019. There was definitely an awkward 'breaking in' period as I wrestled with cravings and worked out how to make the diet work for me. And while the psychological side of the equation was perhaps more difficult, the physical side involved some trial and error too.

As Heather Russell, dietician at the Vegan Society, explains, experiences like mine aren’t uncommon. She suggests that, rather than transitioning abruptly, new vegans should allow time to research the nutrition side of things and plan how they're going to reach their goal at a pace that suits them.

"Increasing your intake of plant-based foods step by step gives you time to get used to the practicalities of a vegan lifestyle, and it also allows your gut to adjust to the likely increase in beneficial fibre - drinking plenty of fluid will help," she says. "You could try eating vegan breakfasts for a week, then add vegan lunches in the second week, and so on."

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Does your body need vitamin supplements?

We all need vitamins and minerals for a healthy body. Some of them we can store, but some of them need to be eaten daily. So can you get all the vitamins and minerals you need from a balanced diet, or should you be topping up?

What supplements do you need?

One of the things you need to plan for here is ensuring an adequate intake of micronutrients. Unfortunately, there are a few vitamins and minerals you can't easily get from a plant-based diet, the most notorious of these being vitamin B12. Found almost exclusively in meat, eggs, fish and dairy, it is essential for maintaining a healthy nervous system and blood, and can cause some pretty nasty symptoms if you reach the point of clinical deficiency.

If you are deficient in B12, you may experience tiredness, headaches, heart palpitations, numbness and persistently low mood. Further down the line, you might experience anaemia and nervous system damage - as well as an increased risk of heart disease and pregnancy complications. These symptoms tend to develop gradually, and can be confused with other conditions, so it's important to get a diagnosis if you suspect a problem.

The good news is that many plant milks and breakfast cereals are fortified with B12, along with - love it or hate it - Marmite. (A single serving of the controversial spread contains 40% of your recommended daily intake.)

Other micronutrients to watch out for are vitamin D, iodine and selenium, all of which are difficult for vegans to obtain. Vitamin D is required to keep our bones healthy, whereas iodine is used to make thyroid hormones and selenium plays a role in many important processes in the body.

"Arguably, supplementation is the best way of ensuring a reliable intake of iodine," says Russell. "Selenium supplementation should also be considered, unless you're eating a few Brazil nuts daily. It's recommended that everyone in the UK supplement vitamin D during autumn and winter as a minimum; D3 from lichen and D2 are animal-free varieties. One option is to take a vitamin and mineral supplement designed for vegans."

Finding the balance

As well as making used of fortified foods and supplementation, you need to make sure you balance out the main food groups. Of course, this is important for everyone - not just vegans - but if you were previously eating a lot of animal products it may take a while to find the right substitutes.

"Good sources of plant protein include beans, lentils, peas, soya products, peanut butter, cashew nuts, ground linseed and pumpkin seeds," says Russell. "Dairy products can be replaced by foods that are really rich sources of calcium, such as fortified alternatives to milk and yoghurt and calcium-set tofu."

She adds that vegans can obtain omega-3 fat from walnuts or ground linseed, while iron is found in protein-rich plant foods, kale, raisins and fortified breakfast cereal. It's also a good idea to include a source of vitamin C in every meal (think broccoli or bell peppers) in order to boost iron absorption. (Iron deficiency is particularly prevalent among pregnant or menstruating women.)

If you do find yourself experiencing fatigue and weakness, despite eating a balanced diet, there might be a simpler explanation - you're just not eating enough. Although some people do go vegan for weight loss, this isn't healthy or desirable for everyone, and it may be worthwhile packing in some healthy high-calorie foods such as avocado or peanut butter.

You may also find yourself contending with an increase in gut symptoms such as bloating, particularly if you're not drinking enough fluid. This is why it's advisable to replace animal products with vegan alternatives gradually over the course of a few weeks.

Your body will thank you

Ultimately, your body will thank you for the change (although the people you're stuck with in a poorly ventilated room might not). Since UK diets are typically low in fruit, vegetables, wholegrains and nuts, going vegan can often be an opportunity to improve dietary quality.

"Research has linked diets containing plenty of roughage with lower risks of heart and blood vessel disease, type 2 diabetes and bowel cancer," says Russell. "A fibre-rich diet is filling and it can help with digestion and preventing constipation."

On top of that, some types of fibre are classed as prebiotic, meaning they help fuel the 'friendly' bacteria living in our gut.

"Evidence is emerging that these bacteria influence multiple aspects of our health, so it's important to keep them happy," says Russell. "They seem to thrive when we eat certain plant-based foods. Leeks, asparagus, onions, wheat, oats, beans, peas and lentils provide prebiotic fibre."

There's also evidence that vegan diets can lower the risk of metabolic syndrome and even reduce the incidence of many types of cancer.

Seven months into going vegan myself, it's really become second nature to me. For sure, my diet requires a little more planning than it used to, and the choices when eating out are still quite limited. But the cravings completely vanished within a couple of months and health-wise it has not impeded me in any way. My athletic performance hasn't suffered either, which had been a concern before getting started.

All in all, it's important to remember why you're doing this and to take pride in your decision, taking any teething problems in your stride. Over the longer term, a vegan diet is very sustainable, and you can always do it in stages if you don't fancy a sudden moratorium on cheese toasties.

"Switching to a vegan diet is a compassionate choice that can lower your environmental footprint and help you to improve the quality of your diet," says Russell. "The Vegan Society provides a range of helpful resources, including the free VNutrition app."