What are the symptoms of insomnia?

Insomnia describes sleep problems that cause issues during the daytime - such as feeling tired, feeling irritable, low, anxious, or finding it hard to concentrate. People with insomnia might:

• Have difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.

• Wake up too early.

• Lie awake in bed for long times in the night.

• Feel unrefreshed and tired after sleep.

Shorter-term insomnia (acute insomnia) lasts days or weeks, and up to three months. Long-term insomnia (chronic insomnia) lasts more than three months.

If you think you have insomnia, find out what to do here.

In this series of articles centred around insomnia, you can read about insomnia symptoms, insomnia causes, and insomnia treatments - all written by one of our expert GPs.

The rest of this feature will take an in-depth look at the symptoms of insomnia, as at Patient, we know our readers sometimes want to have a deep dive into certain topics.

Insomnia symptoms

Insomnia happens when, despite having the time and opportunity to sleep, people have one or more of the following:

• Difficulty getting to sleep.

• Difficulty staying asleep.

• Waking up too early.

• Waking up several times in the night.

• Lying awake in bed for much of the night.

• Feeling tired and unrefreshed when getting up in the morning.

Sleep problems in insomnia lead to daytime problems, such as:

• Feeling tired, fatigued, or drowsy during the day.

• Not performing as well at school, university or work.

• Finding it hard to concentrate and pay attention to important tasks.

• Feeling low, depressed, anxious, angry, or irritable.

Patient picks for Insomnia

Mental health

How to fix your sleep schedule with a healthy bedtime routine

A good sleep schedule ensures you're getting the right amount of shuteye each night and helps you to prevent building up a 'sleep debt' that leaves you not feeling at your best. What makes a good sleep schedule, and how does a healthy bedtime routine help you to adopt one?

by Amberley Davis

Mental health

Narcolepsy and cataplexy

Narcolepsy is a long-term (chronic) problem that affects your sleep. You feel excessively tired during the daytime but have disturbed night-time sleep. You can also have sleep attacks where you fall asleep during the day without any warning. Many people with narcolepsy also have cataplexy. This is a condition in which you have sudden loss of control over some of your muscles. Narcolepsy is usually diagnosed by monitoring you while you sleep in a special sleep laboratory. There is no cure for narcolepsy. However, various treatments are available that can help to control your symptoms. These include stimulant medicines to stop you feeling so sleepy.

by Dr Nick Imm, MRCGP

Chronic insomnia characteristics

In chronic insomnia, people sometimes develop habits, behaviours, or thoughts which make the insomnia worse, such as:

• Relying on sedatives - such as alcohol or sleeping tablets - to get to sleep and stay asleep.

• Trying really hard to sleep (sleep effort) - which paradoxically makes them more awake.

• Spending more time in bed to compensate for less sleep - which makes the brain associate being in bed with being awake.

• Thinking unhelpful thoughts - for example 'If I don't sleep in the next 10 minutes, I will stay awake for the entire night'.

• Becoming preoccupied with sleep.

• Feeling as if they've slept for much less time than they actually have.

Chronic insomnia is also more likely to lead to other problems, such as:

• Absences from work, school, or university.

• Accidents.

• Poor memory.

• Poorer quality of life.

• Anxiety and depression.

• In severe cases, thoughts of suicide.

• An increased risk of some medical conditions, like heart disease.

When to see a doctor about insomnia

Insomnia often gets better after making changes to your sleeping habits, which you can do without seeing a doctor. See the insomnia treatments article for more suggestions.

How is insomnia diagnosed?

The diagnosis of insomnia is made by listening to your symptoms.

Doctors should listen to your symptoms, and ask additional questions to explore your sleeping habits, medical history, any alcohol or drug use, and a few other things to establish the diagnosis, distinguish the types of insomnia, and identify any causes.

Keeping a sleep diary can sometimes be useful.

A sleep study is a special test of sleep patterns. It's not required to diagnose insomnia, but might be used if there is suspicion of another health condition, like obstructive sleep apnoea.